They Make Food for Insects

They Make Food for Insects

“The new compost makers are trying to understand and manage the existing process: digestion of microbes. True, they make food for insects, ”the Times article explains and provides details:

“Composting is simple in its essence, but intricate in detail. Mainly, that is how the soil makes the remains of raw organic matter into materials that are useful to plants. Soil microbes — one billion of them in one gram of fertile soil — have an extraordinary appetite for organic compounds, mainly made up of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. Bacteria and fungi burn coal for energy and use nitrogen and some coal to build their body cells. Most work with oxygen, but some are better without oxygen. When the raw compounds are depleted, they eat each other. From all these eateries and sources comes heat, water, carbon dioxide and a substance called humus, a complex organic molecule that pulls and inhibits the food, water and air that plants need to grow. ”

With proper compost mix, microbes can consume diesel oil, TNT hydrocarbons, and uranium. Sure, these are small powerful microorganisms, but as you make compost in your yard, it will not face such challenges.

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Making “Compost” Returns and Bigger Than Ever!

Making “Compost” Returns and Bigger Than Ever!

MAKING compost is as old as gardening. Roman farms have compost pits, where human and animal waste is covered with weeds, leaves, and whatever else is left in the house. From time to time, water is added to help decay. A millennium later, in Moorish Spain, an agricultural agreement set out three ways to make heaps of “artificial waste,” as compost calls it - the pigeon waste was added to speed up the decay.

With the advent of community dumps for waste disposal and easy-to-use and non-messy chemical fertilizers for use in lawns and gardens, home composting has become almost a rarity. But compost production is returning recently. Dumps have begun to overflow, states have imposed restrictions on what and how much to dispose of, and disposal fees can range from $ 30 to $ 100 a ton. In addition, environmental concern has intensified, and composting has also made it a fashion trend once again.

Not only does compost return, it is bigger than ever. Its purpose is to use the method of making compost in piles. “Composting is a promising technology that can lead to solving the growing problem of waste disposal,” says an article in The New York Times Magazine. “Its proponents believe it can use up to half of the garbage — kitchen waste, yard waste, even some paper waste — that is being dumped today by most Americans. They believe that compost production can create crops that fertilize the soil rather than destroy it, that compost can replace damaged or damaged soil, protect cheap plants from disease and reduce reliance on pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. ”- September 8, 1991.

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These are the ways to do basket composting.

These are the ways to do basket composting.

• 1. Choose a wooden or galvanized container of sufficient size and length. It has a meter depth.
• 2. Spread evenly on piles of dried leaves, hay, vegetable and fruit, animal waste, and soil as well as compost pits until the container is full.
• 3. Contain the contents of the container and label it with bamboo to decompose the waste immediately.
• 4. Cover the banana leaf or roof the vessel so that it is not exposed to flies and other pests.
• 5. Remove the bamboo sticks and mix the contents of the container so that the soil and the rotting objects come together within a month.

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Method for making compost peat

Method for making compost peat
ORGANIC ORGANIC ACTION PROCEDURES
Compost peat compilation of decaying waste such as animal waste, leaves, fruit bark, grass and so on. This can be done on vacant lots.

Basket composting
• It also combines decaying waste. This is done if there is no vacant lot that can make the compost pit.


Method for making compost peat
 • 1. Find a relatively high spot, dry, flat, and remote from home or any form of water.
• 2. Build a pit at a width of two meters, five meters long, and a depth of one meter. Press and flatten the inside of the pit. Let it be exposed to the sun to prevent germs.
• 3. Place cut grass, rotting waste and vegetable and fruit containers inside the pit. Lay it evenly under the pit until it is 30 cm high.
• 4. Cover it with animal waste such as pork, poultry, and cattle until it reaches a height of 15 cm. Lay the second layer of soil, ash, or lime.
• 5. Repeat the pile until the pit is full. Keep the corners of the pit straight and upright by placing a few pieces of stick and bamboo
• 6. Sprinkle the surface of the pit to level it. Keep looking forward. If it is raining, cover it with some banana leaves on the surface to keep it from drowning.
• 7.Place the compost pit with a few pieces of bamboo that have been peeled off and cut to the side. This will help to compost the compost and easily decompose the waste.
• 8. After three weeks, pull out the bamboo strip and mix the mound. Lower the clamp surface so that it closes evenly. After two months or so, depending on the type of waste used, the compost pit can be used as fertilizer.

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Organic waste can become compost. Check out how to compost

Organic waste can become compost. Check out how to compost

Recycling, reducing and transforming your own household or company waste are some of the suggestions made to the population by the campaign launched by the City of Curitiba. All advertising pieces have the therapist Dr. Sigmundo as the protagonist.

"Simple attitudes are enough, which do not require extra costs, but only a change of habit that must come from each citizen", explains the municipal secretary of the Environment, Renato Lima.

One of the suggestions is the transformation of organic waste into fertilizer. The composting process, which is simple and can be done at home, benefits the residents themselves, the city and the environment, as it drastically reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills.

The suggestion is to make the most of leftover food, such as stalks, bark, seeds, roots and leaves for preparing recipes. But leftovers unsuitable for consumption, such as egg shells, spoiled fruits and coffee grounds, can go into composting, generating a powerful source of nutrients for gardens, gardens, pots and flowerpots. Other residues, such as chimarrão grass, cuttings and straw, can also be transformed into organic compost.

“It is very easy and totally possible to do domestic composting, even for those who live in an apartment or in a house without a backyard”, explains the head of the Urban Agriculture Unit of the Municipal Supply Department, Edson Rivelino. In this case, the process must use boxes, vases, pots or pet bottles and the priority is waste such as leaves and herbs.

“There are a lot of people in Curitiba practicing urban agriculture, which includes composting”, informs Rivelino. He explains that the Curitiba City Hall encourages, guides, supplies and monitors urban gardens, whether they are community, home or institutional. "Currently, there are about 1,300 scattered around the city under our supervision and guidance, and in about 70% of them, composting is practiced," he says.

For those interested in getting started, the Municipal Supply Secretariat informs that there are three ways to carry out the process: placing the waste in piles, buried or in containers, suitable for those who do not have an outdoor space (see more detailed guidelines below).

The specialist points out that animal fats should be avoided, as they are difficult to decompose, as well as meat remains and foods with salt, as they attract insects and give off a bad smell. “Materials such as magazines and newspapers must also be avoided in composting, as they decompose more slowly. They can be sent for recycling ”.

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Campaign

TV films and pieces for print media, urban furniture, busdoor and collection trucks for the new campaign reaffirm Curitiba's vocation to innovate in environmental issues. In 1989, the city was the first Brazilian capital to have selective garbage collection. Two years later, Curitiba launched Câmbio Verde, a pioneer program in the exchange of recyclables for food, later implemented in several cities.

The proposal now is to reduce. Curitiba produces 1.8 thousand tons of waste daily, which means that each resident of the city discards, on average, one kilo per day. The greater the production of waste, the more nature becomes overwhelmed. On the other hand, if each citizen does his part, the situation can improve a lot.

Guidelines:

Composting in a battery system:

• The organic material must be piled up to form a pile approximately 2 meters long, 1.5 meters wide and 1 meter high, alternating 20 cm layers of dry materials with more nitrogen-rich materials (leaves, kitchen scraps ).

• Batteries with smaller dimensions do not promote ideal temperature ranges for the decomposition process to take place properly.

• When assembling the layers, wet each one, but without soaking.

• To enrich the compost, you can use, among the layers, materials such as: gray (little quantity), fertile soil, rock phosphate, limestone, finely sprinkled.

• Protect the pile with straw and turn it over every 15 days, starting in the second week.

• The compost will be ready for use after a period of 90 to 120 days.

Burial composting:

• A hole must be made in the ground, in a shaded place, where organic waste will be deposited daily. The size and number of holes will depend on the amount of organic material available and the planting area. It is recommended, for vegetable gardens and gardens in the yard, the opening of two or more holes, using approximate measures of 1 meter in length, 0.50 meter in width and 0.50 meter in depth.

• It is important to cover each layer of organic material with a thin amount of soil or straw to avoid direct sunlight and not to attract animals.

• Manure can be mixed, as it accelerates fermentation and enriches the fertilizer.

• Organic fertilizer should only be used in the vegetable garden and pots when it is fully tanned, after a period of 90 to 120 days.

Composting in containers (suitable for apartments and houses without a yard):

• When there is no space available outdoors for the formation of a pile or burial of waste, it can be placed in containers for the manufacture of organic compost.

• Preferably, reuse old plastic buckets, wooden boxes, gallons of water, broken water tanks or ice cream jars.

• Just deposit the organic waste in the place, always taking care to keep the container covered, to avoid insects and bad smell.

• Drill holes in the bottom of the container for the leachate (liquid eliminated by the decomposing organic material).

• If the container is on an impermeable surface, place a bowl (shallow bowl) on the bottom to collect the leachate.

• The liquid can be returned to the compost mixture or diluted and applied to the plants (one glass of leachate for nine liters of water).

How to make organic fertilizer and pesticide?

How to make organic fertilizer and pesticide?

There are several alternative products for different purposes, such as fertilization and pest and disease control . Therefore, the choice will depend on the crop for which the fertilizer will be destined and the problem that requires the use of a pesticide. In general, organic fertilizers use cattle manure and poultry litter. However, difficult to obtain and high cost, they can present problems of chemical and biological contamination.

Developed by Embrapa Agrobiologia , there is a technology for the production of organic fertilizers and substrates of 100% vegetable origin, which can be accessed by video . To provide resistance to the plants against the attack of parasites and diseases, the technical team of the Experimental Seropedic Station of the Agricultural Research Corporation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Pesagro-Rio) has a formula called agrobio. For the production of 500 liters of biofertilizer, reserve for fermentation for a week the mixture of 200 liters of water, 100 liters of fresh bovine manure, 20 liters of cow's milk, or whey, and 3 kilos of molasses. The broth, which also includes the addition of several other ingredients in a process that takes weeks, can be sprayed in the production of seedlings, leafy vegetables and fruits. If the intention is to combat tomato moth and borer , caterpillar and corn cob caterpillars, apple caterpillar and sugar cane borer , for example, the wasp Trichogramma spp . for biological control. Baculovirus anticarsia is also an option to avoid the incidence of soybean caterpillar; Metarhizium anisopliae , to remove leafhoppers from pastures, ants and ticks; Acremonium sp ., To control the sandpaper of the coconut tree; and Beauveria bassiana , to combat sugar cane and banana borer weevils. Widely used for medicinal purposes and as a pesticide, the neem plant (Azadirachta indica) has an insecticidal action on most insect pests. The mixture of solutions made from garlic and mackerel is intended for the control of cucumber downy mildew.

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How to make 100% vegetable organic fertilizer

How to make 100% vegetable organic fertilizer

Most organic fertilizers use cattle manure and poultry litter, which, in addition to being difficult to obtain and expensive, can present chemical and biological contamination problems. But Embrapa Agrobiologia (Seropédica, RJ) has developed a technology for the production of organic fertilizers and substrates of 100% vegetable origin. And this technology is already available to producers in all regions of the country through the video "Compound 100% vegetal".

Produced by Embrapa Agrobiologia, UFRRJ and Pesagro-Rio, the video lasts 15 minutes and shows the technology step by step. In a didactic way, for example, the raw materials that can be used, the proportion of materials and the ideal way to assemble the compost pile are presented. Details such as the choice of location, formation and mixing of layers, as well as the time required for each stage are also covered.

For Embrapa researcher Marco Antônio Leal, who developed the technology and is one of the authors of the script, the video can help the farmer to produce organic fertilizer on his property, because in addition to the necessary information on the quantity and proportion of materials, the images facilitate understanding of the process. "The compost can be produced both on a large scale and on a small rural property, since it uses a simple process, which does not require large investments in infrastructure", he adds.

According to the researcher, organic fertilizers and substrates obtained from this process are of superior quality to similar ones found on the market and can also be used in organic agriculture. "These products are free from biological contamination, do not use mineral fertilizers and their cost can be much lower", reports Leal.

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Composting: organic matter that becomes natural fertilizer

Composting is a natural process where the residues of the property undergo a biological transformation and become organic fertilizers or humus. In this biological process there is a decomposition of the organic matter contained in animal or vegetable remains. The final result of composting is organic compost, which can be applied to the soil to improve its characteristics, without causing risks to the environment.

The main benefits of composting are: stimulating the development of plant roots, which become more capable of absorbing water and nutrients from the soil; increased water infiltration capacity, reducing erosion; keeps soil temperature and acidity levels (pH) stable, hinders or prevents the germination of invasive (weed) plant seeds; activates the life of the soil, favoring the reproduction of microorganisms beneficial to agricultural crops.

This technique can be used not only to nourish the soil, but also as a way to recycle organic waste - cattle manure, straw, branches, tree leaves, etc.

Composting involves extremely complex transformations of a biochemical nature, promoted by millions of soil microorganisms that have in their natural organic matter their source of energy, mineral nutrients and carbon. Embrapa Agrobiologia has been studying ways to make composting even more efficient. For this, it is necessary to satisfy certain requirements related to the factors that influence the microbial activity of the soil, such as temperature, humidity, aeration, pH, type of existing organic compounds and concentration and types of nutrients available. These factors occur simultaneously, and the efficiency of composting is based on their interdependence and interrelationship.