Composting process
1. Oxygen fermentation
When the fermenting material decomposes to produce organic substances such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin, etc. These substances are digested by microbes that use oxygen by pulling oxygen to use in the process. And finally, the products will be humus, water, carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and heat energy.
2. Anaerobic fermentation
Organic matter will be decomposed in anaerobic condition. By relying on the work of anaerobic microorganisms, 2 groups, which are acidic microbes And the methane microbes Which will produce the final product, including methane gas (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3) and thermal energy
Microbial compost
The composting process in the compost pile is caused by the activity of oxygen-containing microorganisms. And anaerobic group Both groups are responsible for decomposing organic substances with large molecules into smaller sizes. Until the decomposition is complete until the organic material called compost (Compost). The decomposition process will occur continuously by many microorganisms combined and in the right environment. Which can be divided into 3 phases
- The mesophilic phase is the first phase of degradation. The number of microbes gradually increasing Which will have a temperature of around 20-45 ° C
- Temperature range (Thermophilic Phase) is a period in which the number of microbes is almost constant. And degradation throughout the stack With temperatures rising to 45 - 60 ° C or more, which should not be lower than 45 ° C is the most decomposed period, causing heat to accumulate in the compost pile
- The Maturation Phase is when some microbes begin to die. The amount of organic matter has been completely decomposed. The rate of degradation therefore decreases. Causing the temperature of the compost pile to decrease accordingly Which is the phase to finish the decomposition
Bio-fertilizer and methods of making
Bio fertilizer Is a method of composting that has developed For rapid degradation by adding microbes or EM to accelerate the fermentation process Resulting in fertilizer from organic materials that release nutrients faster Divided into various types, including
1. Compost from manure
Materials and ingredients
- 1 part manure, approximately 10 years
- Flaming rice husk / Black husk 1 part
- 1 part dance
- EM 20 cc
- Molasses 100 cc.
- 10 liters of water
How to do
- Mix black manure, rice husk and all materials together.
- Bring to pile on the cement floor. Then use a veil or if making a small amount To be packed in drums or sacks
- Marinate for 30 days before putting in a tree or vegetable plot.
2. Plant compost
Rice straw compost, materials and ingredients
- 1 part finely chopped dried straw, approximately 10 kg
- Raw rice husk / sintered rice husk 1 part
- 200 grams urea fertilizer
- Molasses 100 cc.
- EM 20 cc
- 10 liters of water
How to do
- Mix the straw and the chaff together. If there is a lot, separate, mix And then come together into a single pile again
- Mix EM and Molasses together with water. After that, pour, pour and mix with other materials.
- Can be fermented in sacks, bags, or cement ponds for 1-2 months, then can be used
3. Bio-fertilizer from food waste and waste
Compost from food waste If there is only food waste that is plant, there is usually no problem. Because the time of rotting will have a bad odor We can mix it with manure in the trough to make compost immediately. But if there is meat, it will have a strong bad smell
For some households that have limited amount of food waste If wanting to make compost, it is necessary to make compost chutes or compost holes. But if fermented in a tank, there will be limitations that fill up quickly
To make a fermenting rails, find an empty area at the back of the house. The size of the area is approximately 1 meter x 1 meter, about 20-40 cm deep or maybe less. Or maybe more as required But should provide food support for about 1 month and should do 2 sets with plastering the side with cement But if there is no problem with rain or water inflow May dig a well into the soil, which should be enough side grooves To prevent water from entering And should prepare the canvas to cover when it rains
Materials and ingredients
- 1 in 4 parts of manure
- Black husk, 2 buckets, optional
- Mixed water with EM 1 liter
- Molasses 1 liter
How to do
- After preparing the compost, pour the manure and the chaff in the chute.
- When there is food waste To put in the rails Ready to use, hash, mix with manure
- Water with bio-based water And molasses in the area where food waste is added a little
- If food scraps occur again, then knead and add water to leavening. Follow with molasses until it is full.
- If the pond is full To cover the fabric and cover And leave for about 1 month before scooping out for use
- While fermented To bring food scraps from each day to ferment in another pond Which will circulate well together during the menstrual cycle
- However, some households may not be able to find leavening or molasses so they don't need to be used. But it is necessary to have manure Or use other fertilizer such as chicken manure fertilizer, which this part needs to be used
In addition to using food waste to make compost Nowadays, it is still popular to use food scraps to make bio-fermented water, which is easy and convenient. Read more Biological fermentation
Principles for considering ready-to-use compost
- The compost will be dark brown to black.
- The temperature around the compost pile is almost the same. Due to almost all fermentation reactions
- If the finger is flattened The compost cubes will break apart easily.
- Found mushrooms, fibers, fungi or other plants grow
- The smell of the compost heap has a pungent odor caused by fermentation
- If the compost is analyzed in the laboratory, the ratio of carbon And nitrogen around 20: 1 or carbon is less than 20 (nitrogen is still 1)
Use of compost
- Used in soil preparation / plots preparation By applying bio-fertilizer on a plot of 2-3 handfuls / square meter Before tillage, round 2 or before plowing
- Used in vegetable and orchard plots by applying 1-2 handfuls of bio-fertilizer around the base of the tree.
Compost benefits
- Increase soil fertility The amount of organic matter, food minerals, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
- Helps to decompose humus Carcass in soil Makes the nutrients used by plants faster
- Helps increase the useful microbes in the soil
- Helps to prevent the spread of various pathogenic microorganisms in the soil.
- Causing the soil to have loose soil From the composition of soil with soil Organic matter, water and air in an appropriate proportion
- Help adjust the soil pH to suit the plants.
- Helps increase the efficiency of extracting plant minerals from chemical fertilizers or other fertilizers that farmers wear
- Helps absorb moisture in the soil for longer Keeping the soil moist at all times
